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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Inhibitor or Antioxidant Treatments during Micromanipulation Can Inhibit Both ER and Oxidative Stresses in Porcine SCNT Embryos.

We investigated the effect of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitors and antioxidants for micromanipulation treatment of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) on the in vitro development of SCNT embryos. Acid Tauroursodeoxycholic (TUDCA), inhibitors of Equine Clia Kits stress ER and vitamin C (Vit. C), an antioxidant, is treated by itself or in combination, then, the level of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) splicing and expression of the ER gene-related stress, genes associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis genes was confirmed at the 1-cell and blastocyst stage. 

In the 1-cell stage, grafting Xbp1 level was significantly decreased in TUDCA and Vit. C treatment group compared to controls (p <0.05). In addition, most ER expression levels of stress-related genes and genes related to oxidative stress were significantly lowered in all treatment groups compared to controls (p <0.05), and the rate of apoptosis gene transcripts also significantly lowered in all treatment groups compared to controls (p <0.05).

 At the blastocyst stage, decreased expression of ER stress, oxidative stress, and genes associated with apoptosis were observed in just a few treatments. However, blastocyst formation rate in TUDCA and Vit. C treatment group (24.8% and 22.0%, respectively) and the average number of blastocyst cells in all treatment groups (59.7 ± 4.3 to 63.5 ± 3.3) was significantly higher (p <0.05) compared with controls. The results showed that TUDCA or Vit. C treatment during micromanipulation inhibited both ER and oxidative stress in the early stages of SCNT embryos, thereby reducing cell damage and promote the in vitro development.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Inhibitor or Antioxidant Treatments during Micromanipulation Can Inhibit Both ER and Oxidative Stresses in Porcine SCNT Embryos.

Polylactic Acid-Based Cationic Nanoparticles Improve BSA-FITC Transportation In M Cells and Porcine engulfment by alveolar macrophages.


This work describes the development of cationic polylactic acid (PLA) based nanoparticles (NP) as an antigen delivery system using dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) General Clia Kits for facilitating the engulfment of BSA-FITC by swine alveolar macrophage (3D4 / 2 cells) and heat -labile enterotoxin subunit B (LTB ) to improve the transport BSA-FITC in cell M. 

experimental design methodology was employed to study the influence of the PLA, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), DDA, and LTB on the physical properties of NP-based PLA. The size of the selected cationic PLA NP consisting of 5% PLA, 5% PVA and 0.6% DDA with or without absorption LTB is the range of 367-390 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.26, + 26.00 zeta potential for + 30 , 55 mV and entrapment efficiency of 41.43%. Electron micrographs reveal NP with a round shape. 

The release kinetics of BSA from NP to follow the kinetics Korsmeyer-Peppas. Cationic PLA NP with LTB surface absorption showed a 3-fold increase in BSA-FITC transported across M cells compared with NP without absorption LTB.
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